Quadratic equations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quadratic conditions - Assignment Example A creator of trophies sees that their benefit acts as P(x) = - 0.3x2 + fx †m where ‘f’ relates to expense for structuring grants as indicated by client’s demand while ‘m’ alludes to the month to month studio lease. P(x) would then be the month to month benefit got as an element of ‘x’ or the quantity of grants planned by the trophy †making organization in a month. At a point where x = - f/[ 2(- 0.3) ], most extreme benefit is accomplished. Sports, for example, football frequently include tossing of ball from the beginning the ball tossed (shot) in the end follows a way of direction looking like a parabola. Physicists portray this situation in a kinematic condition that is quadratic ordinarily, being y = V0y*t -  ½ gt2 in which ‘y’ speaks to dislodging of the ball though V0y is the underlying speed, along the vertical. In the event that one wishes to discover time ‘t’ when the ball hits the ground from the air, ‘y’ might be set to 0 so that ‘t’ might be comprehended given V0y, with g = 9.81

Outline and assess the usefulness of official statistics in measuring crime Essay

Human science: Outline and survey the helpfulness of legitimate insights in estimating wrongdoing. Wrongdoing is essentially any kind of conduct or a demonstration which violates laws of a general public and is rebuffed by the lawful framework. What is viewed as criminal or degenerate is socially decided. This implies what is viewed as criminal or degenerate changes with time and spot, as the qualities, standards and desires change. What may not be worthy in one society at a specific time might be satisfactory in another nation or adequate at some other point, for instance medicate bistros in Amsterdam. Police Crime Figures have been recorded and distributed every year by the Home Office since the year 1857. Wrongdoing insights are incorporated in the premise of â€Å"offences informed to the police†. In this regard, they give proof of violations that are known to the police and authoritatively recorded by the police. Official measurements are valuable in estimating wrongdoing since they permit us to spot patterns and examples in the crime percentages and the social foundation of lawbreakers/casualties (quantative information). Likewise, these measurements help advise government arrangement. Speculations like functionalism have utilized authority insights to create hypotheses to clarify designs in the official measurements. Durkheim utilized insights to gauge self destruction rates, a type of abnormality among social orders and gatherings and created hypotheses about self destruction. Others, similar to Merton expected that the insights were substantial and dependable and proceeded to create clarifications about common laborers culpability. Numerous individuals presently go to casualty Surveys, for example, the British Crime Survey (BCS) as progressively solid wellsprings of data. Casualty Surveys are purported in light of the fact that they solicit an example from the populace what wrongdoings they have been a casualty in the past a year. This expands legitimacy as they incorporate all wrongdoings that individuals have been a survivor of, whether or not or not they detailed the wrongdoing to the police. Various violations are not secured by the review. These incorporate wrongdoings against business, violations where there is no immediate casualty, for example, ownership of medications, violations against casualties under 16 and violations that have included demise. Another wellspring of overview information on wrongdoing and aberrance is self-report studies,â where individuals are inquired as to whether they have perpetrated any wrongdoing. Self-report considers are like casualty studies aside from that they request that respondents admit to wrongdoings they have submitted. This sort of review information are less broadly utilized than BCS, but on the other hand are mysterious and agent of the populace. Steven Box, a Marxist, dissected 40 self-report contemplates and inferred that adolescent wrongdoing was not a common laborers issue yet rather that the working class were more averse to get captured. I accept respondents may not come clean since they may feel humiliated, may misrepresent or they may have overlooked the offense. To finish up, I accept the official insights are valuable to us as they help to educate us about the rates regarding wrongdoing just as government arrangement. They are every year distributed and anybody with web access can see/download the information. These insights spread a huge piece of the populace and as they are gathered by the state they are believed to have a lot of legitimacy. They can without much of a stretch be contrasted with the past insights and their quantative nature permits patterns and examples to be set up. The capacity to return and check the discoveries implies that the information are solid. In any case, there are a few drawbacks of legitimate measurements. It is accounted for Official Crime Statistics just show 30% of violations carried out. The other 70% is depicted as the â€Å"Hidden Figure of Crime†. Official wrongdoing insights just show wrongdoing known to the police. As it were, not all wrongdoing is accounted for to the police. This might be on the grounds that individuals might be hesitant to report a criminal episode in the event that they don't have confidence in the police to explore and fathom the wrongdoing. Another explanation might be on the grounds that they are frightened, they could have been undermined by the lawbreaker. Interactionism have a negative view on authentic insights, they trust it as being of minimal worth. Cicourel expressed that police are bound to presume and capture a few people than other due to marking.

Tips and tricks for Blog Data Highlighter Tool

Tips and tricks for Blog Data Highlighter Tool Data highlighter is a strongest tool of Google; you will find this in Google Webmaster tools. The main purpose of data highlighter is tech the Google about your site data structure. Thus Google can present your Blog data more attractively in a new ways in search results. Data highlighter also has a great impact on the Google Knowledge Graph. You can see one of my post got rich snippet with star rating. Supported data types Data highlighter support different types of data on any site. This is just for teaching Google about the data structure. Such as- Articles Events Local Businesses Restaurants Products Software Applications Movies TV Episodes Books Though we will highlight the Blog posts, So we will highlight only the Blogs Articles. And to do this we have to select Articles type. The following Tips and tricks might be helpful for Highlighting Blog Data. Step 1 Go to https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/data-highlighter and Log in there with your Google account. Step 2 Now Under Choose a verified site select your site by clicking on Please select a site drop down option. If youdidn'tfind your site then click on Add site now button for add your site now. Step 3 For start highlighting under Overview tab just click on red color START HIGHLIGHTING button form top right corner. Alternatively under About tab click on blue color Stat Highlighting button. Step 4 Now complete the field with your Blog URL and select Blog type by clicking on drop down option. Select Articles and also select Tag this page and other s like it by clicking on radio button. It will redirect you in Data highlighter page. Now we have 4 tasks for highlighting and we have to go step by step- Tag first page Create page set Tag more examples Review and Publish Step 5 You will see your Blog site at left panel and data items at right panel. There has written some required fields like Title, Author, Date Published, Image and Category. That means for highlighting your Blog data those information must be display on your Blog home page. Step 6 In this stage we will Tag first page. Just block any post title by using mouse pointer and an option will expend. From there select Title. Again Block Author name and from option select Author. So complete one by one by highlighting Title, Author, Date Published, Image and Category option. You will see after highlighting the data highlighted information including at right side panel under My Data Items. After that, click on red color DONE button from top right corner of the screen. If any information missing then it will say missing information. But if your site hasnt enough information for highlighting then click on Continue Anyway button. Step 7 In this stage we will Create page set Now a popup window will open for creating a page set. It will automatically generate 50 to 65 pages for highlighting. Under Name field write any page set name. After that, click on blue color Create page set button. Step 8 You will be return on data highlighter page. And you will see your data will be automatically highlighted by highlighter Tools. If data is generating accurately then just click on red color NEXT button. So another page will show and highlighter Tools automatically generate data. If you see data is not accurately generated then just click on Remove page button from top right corner of the screen. As a result highlighter Tools will generate information from other page and display the information at right side bar. So after highlighting 5 pages highlighter tools will tell you for continue tagging with warning message We don't recommended publishing this page set so from there click on Continue tagging button. And Tag more examples if Google doesn't understand your page structure. Step 9 Tag at least 10 page for better understanding. After that click on red color DONE button from top right corner of the screen. If further review need then Highlighter tool will display a message in popup window that Further Review needed, so from there click on Continue reviewing button. After completion click on Highlighter tool will display all the tagged pages with details page info. Step 10 Finally click on Publish button from top right corner of the screen. If any warning message display with popup then simply click on Publish anyway button for publishing your data highlighter page. This tutorial is bit complicated but I have tried to explain simply. Still if you think that you have confusion then feel free to leave a comment below. I will reply you as soon as possible.

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Code Of Ethics Reaction Paper The Doe Family - 1419 Words

NASW Code of Ethics Reaction Paper: The Doe Family A Review of the Case Jane Doe is 22 years old. She has a 3-month old child with her boyfriend, Anthony, who has been physically abusive lately. She has decided to move in with her mother, Alice, for the sake of the baby, although their relationship is strained. Jane has earned a GED and is waiting tables yet is at risk of losing her social services benefits because she is not complying with proper documentations. Alice Doe is in recovery from drug abuse and is on medication to treat her bipolar disorder. She has been receiving SSI benefits for many years. She cleans houses for extra income yet does not report her earnings. Alice has a boyfriend, Roy, who suffers from PTSD and is experiencing recurring substance abuse issues. All the recent stress is causing Alice to regress with the progress she has made in recovering from her mental health problems. To make matters worse, Anthony is accusing Alice of abusing her grandson and has filed a report to CPS. Commitment to Clients Social workers are often confronted with a wide variety of cases that require multiple skills, close scrutiny, and optimum professionalism. We must be sharply aware of the myriad issues that cases present. Additionally, we must be cognitive of the many different approaches to solving problems and employ the proper tools that we have at our disposal. The proper implementation of those tools, along with careful attention to detail, willShow MoreRelatedSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 PagesOF ETHICS: 6 1- Religion: 6 2- Genetic Inheritance: 8 3- Philosophical Systems: 8 4- Cultural Experience: 8 5- The Legal System: 9 6- Codes of Conduct: 9 2.0- EXPLANATION OF THE SOURCES OF ETHICS: 10 2.1- RELIGION: 10 Teaching business ethics 12 2.11- Impact Of Religiosity: 13 2.12- Ethics Of Islam: 14 Nature of Islamic Ethics 17 The Human-Environment Relationship: 20 The Sustainable Care of Nature: 22 The Practice of Islamic Environmental Ethics: 22 Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages Library and information center management / Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran. — 7th ed. p. cm. — (Library and information science text series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–1–59158–408–7 (alk. paper) ISBN 978–1–59158–406–3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Library administration—United States. 2. Information services— United States—Management. I. Moran, Barbara B. II. Title. Z678.S799 2007 025.1—dc22 2007007922 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. CopyrightRead MoreMedia Law: Defamation, Copyright, Etc23627 Words   |  95 Pages(1934) 51 CLR 276, a newspaper misreported evidence at a police inquiry. A prisoner had given evidence about a First Constable Lee of the Motor Registration Branch having been involved in handing money on from the prisoner to a Detective. The paper referred to Detective Lee. There were 3 detectives named Lee in the Police Force. Two issued proceedings for defamation and were successful. Extrinsic facts not referred to in or apparent on the face of an article may lead to identification  -  egRead MoreMedia Law: Defamation, Copyright, Etc23639 Words   |  95 Pages(1934) 51 CLR 276, a newspaper misreported evidence at a police inquiry. A prisoner had given evidence about a First Constable Lee of the Motor Registration Branch having been involved in handing money on from the prisoner to a Detective. The paper referred to Detective Lee. There were 3 detectives named Lee in the Police Force. Two issued proceedings for defamation and were successful. Extrinsic facts not referred to in or apparent on the face of an article may lead to identification  -  egRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesavailable to everyone inc reases. At the same tim balancing the needs of e, producers and consum ers is as crucial as increa sing supply and curbin g demand. Only then wil l the world enjoy energy peace-of-mind. Succeeding in securing energy for everyone doe sn’t have to come at the exp ens start to think differently e of anyone. Once we all about energy, then we can truly make this promise a reality. $15 hips over ket. ners part r sting Inve gy to ma ough †¢ y thr ener s nerg llion able ing e f mi elopRead MoreDebonairs Pizza Product-Market Expansion Growth Strategies27204 Words   |  109 Pagesmanagement education to all its students. MANCOSA and its programmes are fully accredited and quality assured by the Council on Higher Education (CHE). MANCOSA is registered as a Private Higher Education Institution by the Department of Education (DoE), Reg No. 2000/HE07/003, under the Higher Education Act (Act No 101 of 1997). The South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) has recorded MANCOSA programmes on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF). MANCOSA and its programmes have also beenRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesentered the Americas. 2. Suppose your family has decided it needs a new car. 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The Theory Of Biological Evolution - 1192 Words

Social Darwinism is defined as the application of the theory of biological evolution to human affairs. It was used to justify and clarify many notions of nationalism and imperialism. Science played a huge role in the coming about of this new discovery but in reality, the society shaped the science of what it was about. Charles Darwin was the root of new era and was profound to come up with the theory of evolution. His theory had become one the fundamental unifying principles of modern biology and led to questioning in regards to what was previously stated in the past. In the 19th century, the United States and Europe underwent tons of changes. Because of the Industrial Revolution, Americans were off of the farms, and moved into the cities to work in offices and factories. Steel manufacturing became the dominant industry with an abundance of iron coal. There was easy access to cheap water transportation routes which aided in speeding the nation’s economy. In Europe, they too experienced the rise of industrialization; Europeans were also leaving the farms to migrate to cities in search of jobs, technology and trade. However, this new liberal capitalism upset the balance of power in the European society causing unrest. Prior to the 19th Century, religion provided the moral, governing perimeters throughout a society. Colonization, up until this point, was justified by divine right. Commoners did not question those in power; they were afraid of the ramificationsShow MoreRelatedDarwin s Theory Of Biological Evolution1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Evolution refers to the processes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today† (Campbell, 1993). However, a lot of things can change over a period of time. The â€Å"Father of Evolution† who is known as Charles Darwin, developed the theory of biological evolution. This theory has long been debated during and after darwin s time. Biological evolution can be seen through a momentous change in organisms by changing of the genetic compositionRead MoreThe Life Of Charles Robert Darwin s Theory Of Biological Evolution1612 Words   |  7 PagesEVOLUTION RESEARCH PAPER Bushra Alkarmi – 9th grade I. Introduction Charles Robert Darwin (born 1809; died 1882) was a British naturalist, geologist, and biologist. Darwin defined evolution as descent with modification based on the idea that species change over time giving rise to new species that share a common ancestor. In 1837-1839, Darwin proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection. Because resources are limited in nature, organisms with heritable traits that favor survivalRead MoreThe Theory Of Natural Selection963 Words   |  4 Pages Life is evolution. Humans continuously try to keep up with the latest trends in an attempt to remain relevant in society. In the past ten years, humans have evolved immensely with the introduction, development, and integration of technology into their culture. Virtually everything can be found on the internet. Pictures and documents are being shared through cloud storage rather than being shared directly with a physical document, and doing homework online is now the norm. People have adapted toRead MoreBill Nye Vs Ken Ham1661 Words   |  7 Pagesof the theory of evolution on children, we need to take the child back to the correct view of the world in this debate, and it is a good opportunity to let people know more about God, and the spread of the Gospel. Ken Ham s position is creationism. He believes that people are not evolved, because God created human, and then human evolution. That is, if there is no God, humans would not have evolved. 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Melbourne Fire Brigade and Country Fire Authority Merging Issue

Question: Discuss about the "Melbourne Fire Brigade (MFB) and Country Fire Authority (CFA) merging issue". Answer: Introduction In every country emergency response agencies play a very fundamental role. Responding to disasters like fire and providing aid to the affected in one way of ensuring citizens live well without any worries at all. The Victorian government was considering merging two fire brigade agencies, Melbourne fire brigade(MFB) and CFA, for various reasons which spark different reactions from individuals. Here are the recommendation, assumption, and limitation for Melbourne fire brigade and CFA merging issue. Recommendation Merging both agencies is the project which needs clarification by the Victorian government. There should be a good communication relationship between the senior management and fire-fighters. The Victorian government should give allowances for the merging of the two agencies because it is raising an issue that will affect the culture. Labor management and the Victorian government should come in terms and agree in combining the two organizations. More women should be hired to bring gender balance and equal opportunities to the both gender. The two agencies to sit and come up with policies, rules and regulations to avoid misunderstanding and also to understand what and who will be responsible for any of future issue with the organization. The two agencies should be merged to oversee better governance and closer cooperative between authorities. The problem of combining CFA and MFB seemed to be political motivated, politics should be kept out of this issue. Merging CFA and MFB is due to r elease issue, the two agencies are suffering from poor culture and organization and structure problem. The Victorian government should provide and make sure that the two organizations have better facilities like the big trucks with fire-fighters. Assumption Combining the two organizations means right organization structure and culture also try to improve the poor culture in the company services. Emergency services are required to have a single board, a sound body structure, and design to avoid differences and to serve the people better. Merging the two agencies will improve workforce and better service delivery to the people. Bringing together MFB and CFA will oversee better governance and closer cooperative between authorities. Hiring more women in both agencies will help bring out gender balance. Labour management and the Victorian government will come together and agree in combining the two companies for better service to its people. So as to make the people feel satisfied with the emergency services offered, merging CFA and MFB will help boost trust among the people. Limitation Many barriers are hindering the merging of the two fire companies. The two organizations have different history and culture. Merging the two would lead to mistrusting culture and difficulty to work together properly. The two agencies also have their policies, rules and regulations because of these it can cause problems in organization structure and design all these rankles lead to the suffering of innocent citizens. Bullying within the organization is also an important matter to be looked as it shows a clear picture of mistrust between management and volunteers. The problem of the building, the slabs of the building cannot hold the weight of a truck as seen at the fire station in Glen Iris, and the fixing cost could be in millions. MFB staff lack gender balance. It is considered to be less than 4% of brigade staff is women. The problem of merging between CFA and MFB exists because of the people are not satisfied with the emergency services. The government says the two agencies will a ffect the culture because one of service is the senior management and the other is fire-fighters. The issue of merging CFA and MFB seems to be politically motivated. Expanding the MFB zone is damaging the number of volunteers who are critical to Victorias fire fighting capabilities; it is affecting the recruitment process. Labour management did not agree with the Victorian government and thoughts from other people who were present at the meeting for combining the two agencies of fire. Conclusion In conclusion, all the views from different reactions on merging the two organizations are considering, recommendation, assumption and limitation for merging are put together to help guide on the whole issue. From the discussion above, it is clear that MFB and CFA are two different organization, they have their history and culture. The merging of both will create many problems such as organizational structure and design. Due to these group behavior issue, many people are affected. On the side, people want safe life services and better emergency responses from these two different organizations which they cannot be providing to the people due to this merging issue. Work Cited Stein, B. E., Meredith, M. A. (2010). The merging of the senses. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Dalrymple, T. M. (2011). Metropolitan Fire Brigade - operational emergency support capability framework. Emmitsburg, MD: National Fire Academy. Andrews, (2016).Government Response To Fire Service Review Edward, (2016).Victorian fire Service Graff, M. L. (2010). Culture shock! a survival guide to customs and etiquette. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Editions. Burke, R. (2009). Fire protection: Systems and response. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Rau, D. M. (2010). Fire safety. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. The development of accident and emergency services provided by Camberwell Health Authority, King's College Hospital: A strategy: 1987-1994. (2011). London: Camberwell Health Authority. Cashore, K., Kelly, J. (2009). Fire. New York: Dial Books. Patterson, J., Dembowski, J. (2011). The fire. New York: Little, Brown. Overgaard, A. S. (2012). Disaster. Arhus: Forlaget * (asterisk). Singh, S. (2010). Disaster management. Jaipur: Oxford Book.

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Some like it hot essays

Some like it hot essays Capital Punishment has been used for many generations. Even in the Bible, it describes death for murder, and other such crimes including kidnapping and witchcraft. Capital punishment involves taking the life of a person who has committed an unlawful act. Though today people have changed their ethics on killing a man for his unlawful act but instead locking him up for how many years depending on how serious the act is. The death penalty has been banned from all countries except some exception have been made. There is no question that capital punishment does stop the detainee from potentially growing old and living out the rest of his or hers life. A factor that is conveniently overlooked by anti capital punishment campaigners is that we are all in the long run going to die and in many cases we will know of this in advance and suffer great pain and emotional anguish in the process. This is particularly true of those diagnosed as having terminal cancer. It is apparently socially acceptable to be sentenced to death by one's family doctor without having committed any crime at all but totally unacceptable to be sentenced to death by a judge having been convicted of murder or drug trafficking. I think that in some circumstances, capital punishment should be accepted. For example, a man whom is 78 years old walks into a shopping mall with a gun and kills 7 people. This man will die in the next few years, he has fulfilled his potential to what I believe so why not administer a lethal injection. The judge will sentence a life imprisonment so why cant this man die earlier? ...

How does each try to be entrepreneurial, while operating in highly Essay

How does each try to be entrepreneurial, while operating in highly challenging markets - Essay Example in the major decisions of the company (giving employees control of their work), freedom of information to the point of company transparency (so employees know how things are performing), and the institution of profit sharing (so employees care about maximizing company profits). The management systems developed from these values resulted in a company in which the employees were treated as adults who were responsible for setting their own hours, who determined their own salaries and bonuses, and who essentially became their own managers. Apple’s recently passed founder Steve Jobs brought his company from near extinction to cultural phenomenon by using tactics that appeared to be horribly out of date. According to a Fortune Magazine article (n. p.), Jobs went completely against the grain of the Silicon Valley employee-management norm by being the tyrannical boss often associated with industrial times. While other companies were getting in touch with their employees through egalitarian programs and increased freedom in the workplace, Apple was constantly under the scrutiny of the notorious micromanager Jobs (his time away from the company not withstanding) who was not above tearing a strip off an employee for any reason he saw fit. Apple employees feared for their jobs, but stayed loyal to their leader as he often made them feel as though their task (no matter how menial) was as important to the company as any other. Additionally, seeking Jobs’ approval may have paralleled a paternal relationship, adding to the motivation felt by employees. Steve Jobs was also very old school in the way he kept the company’s operations secret. Some may liken Jobs’ preferred level of information opaqueness to that of a government’s military. This technique also aided in Apple’s resurgence while operating under the odd but undeniably effective management techniques of Steve Jobs. Google is an extremely profitable business, but it has faced many challenges. A string of

Memo about organizational change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Memo about organizational change - Assignment Example Therefore, mangers should have to the ability to manage change in the organization. Change is a strategy for success and enhancing the performance of the organization. This essay proposes a specific organizational change, as well as, the reason for the change in the organization. Blackberry Limited, which was formerly known as Research in Motion Limited, is a company in question that I will propose an organization change (Rothwell & Roland, 24). The company is based in Canada and deals with telecommunication and wireless equipment, as well as, the provider of a secure high and reliable software for Mobile Device Management and industrial application. The company is commonly known for the development of blackberry brand of tablets and smartphones. The company should change their organizational strategy by reducing the workforce that was meant to save the organizations money that they do not have as another phone company’s such as Apple and Samsung have dominated the market. The reason for organizational change in Blackberry limited has been associated with the financial struggle they have gone through that has been; as a result, competition. The value of the proposed change is that it will help the organization in getting back where it was before its competitors entered into the market. This is because there has been an increase in the number of phone companies globally that are making smartphones that have the same features as those found in blackberry. Blackberry decided to lay off their employees as they could not raise enough money to cater for their salaries. However, in a memo released by CEO John Chen he indicated that the company had completed its workforce reductions that have been on for three years. For that reason, the company was willing to hire only if the market did not get worse. The workforce reduction

The Liberal Governments Welfare Reforms in the years 1906-1914 Essay Example for Free

The Liberal Governments Welfare Reforms in the years 1906-1914 Essay Was New Liberalism the most important factor behind the Liberal Governments Welfare Reforms in the years 1906-1914? Explain your answer. New Liberalism was simply an ideology, encompassing reforms spurred by other, more important factors. Crucially was the need to reform, regarding the low national efficiency. As a 1905 report said No country, however rich, can permanently hold its own in the race of international competition if hampered by an increasing load of dead weight [of poverty]. Secondly, was the desire to reform, which housed incentives such as the poverty, moral and social obligation, and tangible electoral victory. New Liberalism didnt evoke reform; it simply housed other factors for it. Although New Liberalism as a new ideology demanded reform in the Party, it is too vague a factor to have had any direct correlation with the reforms of 1906-14. In this aspect, it was an umbrella factor. New Liberalism was perhaps inevitable, as Churchill said this poor man is here as a result of economic causes which have been too long unregulated- in other words, the realisation individualism wasnt working. Indeed, the ideology was not even a product of the Liberals, but grew out of an intellectual tradition formulated by L.T. Hobhouse and J. Hobson in the 1880s, arguing that if people were impoverished through no fault of their own, self-reliance was undermined. Consequently, New Liberalism was merely the opportunistic by-product of the coinciding findings of Hobhouse with the writings of Booth and Rowntree, which raised moral and social awareness. New Liberalism was evident in all the reforms of the party, contravening old liberalism, an example of which is the National insurance Act, 1911. Being governmentally interfering, and therefore traditionally anti-liberalist, this threw aside the conventions of working-class laziness and provided the worker with money and job networking should he be out of work. However, cynical though it is, most of the reforms also acted in the interest of national efficiency, and so the state of the nation on an international scale was a big incentive to introduce collectivist policies, if not the biggest. Recruitment for the Boer War of 1898 highlighted how poor the nations health was, when one third of the population were unfit to fight. Furthermore, Britain struggled to defeat the Boers, despite being a big, imperial nation, and them a poor, insignificant force. Consequently, through the exposure of the nations poor health, the Childrens Charter was introduced. This involved the free school meals act of 1906, in which local authorities were given the power to provide free school meals for needy children, if they wished to use it, and by 1914, this became compulsory (the previous Conservative government had refused to listen to the campaign). Similarly, in 1907, the Liberals introduced compulsory medical inspections in schools, and again in 1912, government grants were made available to cover treatment and school clinics began to be set up. This measure shows the government were realising that, to keep their country and empire great, they had to have more involvement in the maintenance of the nation. Likewise, when Beveridge and Lloyd George -worried about unemployment visited Germany and saw the reforms they and other countries were making, there is no doubt they took influence from them, and so similar policies were introduced in England. Germany was growing economically, and Britain falling behind in terms of economic growth; thus, the imitating Insurance Act of 1910-11 was produced. This showed an effort to boost efficiency by directly shadowing Germany, by this time hugely prosperous, in the hope to improve their own country economically too. Also, the findings of Booth and Rowntree too, ultimately helped lead to social reform through their provision of real, statistical evidence needed to boost the case for state intervention. Charles Booth carried out a series of investigations in London, unearthing that 30% of the population were living in abject poverty, including 45% of old people. It was discovered that, contrary to popular belief, people were poor because of factors such as old age, sickness, and an underperforming economy. Subsequently, Booth organised and led a campaign in favour of a system pensions paid for out of taxation, which won Labour and Trade Union support, and which would have healed the problem of poverty for the elderly.. By no coincidence was the Old Age Pensions Act passed 3 years later, which heeding the advice of Booth was a non-contributory scheme, financed by the government out of taxation, and providing 5 shillings a week to those over the age of 70. Furthermore, to appease poverty from unemployment, the government set up a labour exchange and insurance principal; creating a network of exchange information about local work, and also planned a workers insurance scheme which workers would pay into and, in times of the aforementioned poverty, draw on what they needed. The moral and social justice included in Booth and Rowntrees work was a huge contributing factor in the Old Age Pensions Act of 1908, largely regarded as a significant step forward in terms of governmental intervention. Lloyd George also linked the two, by 1911 noticing The administration of the Old Age Pension Act has revealed a mass of poverty. Moral and social justice were at the heart of many other Liberal policies, for example; the moral obligation to help the ill worker manifested in the Health Insurance Act, 1911, through which a fund was created that the worker would pay four pence into, the employer three, and the state two. When the worker was off work ill, they would receive ten shillings a week sick pay for 13 weeks, Furthermore, the Liberals still had to produce policies that differentiated them from the Conservatives. The free school meals policy, for example, directly distinguished them, as the Tories had refused to pass the act a few years before, as did they with the Peoples Budget. Lloyd Georges Budget conflicted with the Tory ideology of not taxing the rich, with the Liberal government looking to provide extra cash for the old age pensions and dreadnought battleships [and] outwit the House of Lords (Pearce Stewart). An extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7 million was raised by increasing higher rates of income tax on those earning over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,00 per annum, essentially targeting the rich, which conflicted with the core of Conservative values. Liberalism had the upper hand on Conservatism. The politicians of the party not only wanted to differentiate Liberalism, but also themselves as political heavyweights. For example, Churchills Trade Boards Act (1909) broke new ground, defending the workers Charles Booth had labelled a body of reckless, starving competitors for work, but like many of the Liberals policies it wasnt home grown, and the plight of the sweated industries had been publicized by the National Anti-Sweating League. Lloyd George is another prime example, and historical interpretation suggests his proposed constitutional reform of the Lords was an attempt to put himself on the political map, force the back-down of the Lords (peers against the people) as well as winning votes on the back of this controversy. His Peoples Budget drew on the criticisms launched on the House of Lords for refusing a budget on monetary matters-money, of course, provided by the taxpayer , and them being unelected patrons- something Lloyd George emphasised in ensuing publicity. Indeed, Beatrice Webb has argued Lloyd George and Winston Churchill have practically taken the limelight, not merely from their own colleagues, but from the Labour Party. With the Labour Party proving a growing threat electorally, New Liberalism was an attempt to spike the guns [Beatrice Webb] of the party through popular socialist reforms. Labour gained 29 seats in the 1906 election, and up until that point, the Liberals had been mainly out of power, forcing them to recognise Labour as a threat. As a consequence of this competition, the Trade Disputes Act (1906), which reversed the Taff Vale decision and would gain vital working class votes, was taken from the Labour Partys own bill, and returned the right to strike and picket peacefully to the Unions. The Liberals realised if they didnt deliver, Labour would continue to grow. Again, The Mines Act of 1908, which introduced a maximum eight-hour working day for miners, ( a political compromise-Pearce Stewart) was another reform which Labour were sympathetic too. Furthermore, with extended suffrage to the working class, Liberals had to get the working mans vote, and so their socialist reforms came at a time when Labours guns would have been most appealing to the electorate. Overall, it is clear that the Welfare Reforms were influenced entirely on the climate of the time, and New Liberalism simply put a name to this. Yes, moral and social justice unearthed by Booth and Rowntree were important, and the party still had to settle on their political identity, but poverty and its injustice had been around for decades and reform could have waited if need be; furthermore, Labour, although showing potential, were not a real threat until some years later. The welfare reforms were introduced because Britain as a country was failing, and New Liberalist Reforms were, (arguably), just a semi-socialist guise focused on increasing national efficiency. Thats not to say the reforms wouldnt have ever been introduced had Britain not struggled with the Boers; they would have been delayed, and were created in 1906-14 as a reaction to the (international) state of the nation.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt :: essays research papers

Franklin Delano Roosevelt is one of our country's best known and most beloved presidents. He is commonly remembered for taking a tired, beaten, nation and instilling hope in it. This positive view of Roosevelt is held by Burns, who paints the picture of a man whose goal was to alleviate our nation's economic pains. But, is this view too myopic? Is Roosevelt deserving of such a godly reputation? These questions are posed by Conkin as he points out the discrimination that underlies many New Deal programs, and even suggests that many of Roosevelt's actions were for purely political motives. During the weeks preceding Roosevelt's inauguration the country was engaged in an economic crisis that was quickly spiraling downward. Banks failed, people panicked, and the nation looked to someone, anyone, for help. Hoover, sensing the country's desperation, but realizing his lack of power, and the feelings of resentment harbored towards him looked to Roosevelt. He asked the president-elect to join in economic planning, support policies, and most importantly to reassure the nation. While both authors note Roosevelt's unwillingness to cooperate with Hoover they site different reasons for it. Burns talks of Roosevelt's belief that the nation was not yet his domain, and that Hoover had the authority to handle the situation. In addition, Burns excuses Roosevelt by maintaining "Roosevelt did not foresee that the banking situation would reach a dramatic climax on Inauguration day. No man could have." (P. 148) This position is an exceedingly benevolent one when contrasted with Conkin's who writes Roosevelt "did nothing, and helplessly watched the economy collapse, letting it appear as one last result of Republican incompetence." This measure allowed Roosevelt to emerge as the "nation's savior," and ally the Democratic party with this image.Furthermore, the two authors differ in their assessment of the effect of public opinion on Roosevelt's actions. Burns gives the impression of a president who looked to engage all in his coalition. He states, politically, his cabinet "catered to almost every major group." Burns also adds, "Roosevelt did not slavishly follow the wishes of group leaders." (P. 150). Roosevelt is portrayed as the paragon of a humanitarian, "he wanted to help the underdog, though not necessarily at the expense of the top dog. He believed that private, special interests must be subordinated to the general interest." (P. 155) Conkin attempts to poke holes in this idealistic portrayal of Roosevelt.

Cultural Background Essay

I come from China, actually the south of Yunan. I learnt about Chinese culture from my father who was born in China and rise up with the Chinese culture. I have been taught by my father to behave as a good Chinese people and brings up good values in my life, the concept of Yin and Yang, the balance in life and especially we’re coming from east where the people there respect ancestors and older people much more compares to the western people. This will impact on how we communicate and interact with other people especially with the elder. China is believed to have the oldest continuous civilization. China has over 4,000 years of verifiable history. Beijing is the capital of China and is the focal point for the country. The official language is standard Chinese, which is derived from the Mandarin dialect. Most business people speak English. There are many dialects in China however there is only one written language. A Communist form of government rules China. The Chinese government promotes atheism although the constitution guarantees freedom of religion. The Chinese practice a variety of religions, however, Confucianism; despite not being a formal religion is practiced widely throughout the country. China is the most densely populated county in the world with approximately 1. 17 billion people as of 1992. Almost 100 percent of the population are ethnic or Han Chinese. There are strict rules regarding childbirth and each couple is limited to only one child. The tradition of digging up â€Å"dragon bones† (tortoise and cattle bones) has long been a part of Chinese culture. These bones are often used to predict the future. The bones were inscribed with questions then heated to reveal the answers. The tradition dates back as far as the Bronze Age (around 2100 BC during the Xia dynasty). The Geert Hofstede analysis for China is similar to that of Hong Kong where Long-term Orientation is the highest-ranking factor. However, the Chinese rank lower than any other Asian country in the Individualism factor. This can be attributed primarily to the Communist rule and its emphasis on a collectivist culture. Geert Hofstede analysis for China has Long-term Orientation (LTO) the highest-ranking factor (118), which is true for all Asian cultures. This Dimension indicates a society’s time perspective and an attitude of persevering; that is, overcoming obstacles with time, if not with will and strength. The Chinese rank lower than any other Asian country in the Individualism (IDV) ranking, at 20 compared to an average of 24. This may be attributed, in part, to the high level of emphasis on a Collectivist society by the Communist rule, as compared to one of Individualism. The low Individualism ranking is manifest in a close and committed member ‘group’, be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. Of note is China’s significantly higher Power Distance ranking of 80 compared to the other Far East Asian countries’ average of 60, and the world average of 55. This is indicative of a high level of inequality of power and wealth within the society. This condition is not necessarily forced upon the population, but rather accepted by the society as their cultural heritage. China’s religion is officially designated as Atheist by the State, although the concepts and teachings of the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius (500BC) are woven into the society at large. Some religious practice is acceptable in China; however, the government sets rigid limits. You can find more information related with the religion in China. RELIGION IN GENERAL Before the Communist Revolution, a number of religious and philosophical systems were practiced in China. Traditionally Taoism and Confucianism provided ethical guides to the proper behavior of individuals and officials. Both of these systems originated in China during the so-called Golden Age of Chinese thought, several centuries before the beginning of the Christian era. Taoism sought to promote the inner peace of individuals and harmony with their surroundings. Confucianism, based on the teachings and writings of the philosopher Confucius, is an ethical system that sought to teach the proper way for all people to behave in society. Each relationship–husband-wife, parents-children, ruler-subjects–involved a set of obligations which, if upheld, would lead to a just and harmonious society. Following his teachings would also promote a stable, lasting government. Buddhism, which came to China from India as early as the 1st century AD, was a more conventional religion. Its followers attended occasional services, practiced rituals, and supported a temple on a regular basis. It has been estimated that more than 68 million Chinese still consider themselves Buddhists, though it is unlikely that they practice the religion regularly (See Buddhism). Prior to 1949, practices that may best be called folk religions were common throughout China. Although they incorporated elements of Buddhism and, especially, Taoism, these religions were usually local, often based on local gods, and served the local people. Christian missionaries have been active in China since Roman Catholics belonging to the Jesuit order arrived in the early 17th century. Protestant missionaries first appeared in the early 19th century. All the Christian missionaries had difficulty converting the Chinese because Christianity was associated in the popular mind with Western imperialism. By 1949 there were only 3 or 4 million Christians in China, less than 1 percent of the total population. Islam came to China mainly from Central Asia, where it was practiced by many of the Turkic peoples. Today there are believed to be more than 4 million Chinese Muslims. One autonomous region, Ningxia Huizu, has been designated for Islamic adherents. The Communists have discouraged religious practices, which they consider anti-socialist. Many temples and churches have been closed and their property taken. During the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (or simply the Cultural Revolution), a mass movement that lasted officially from 1966 to 1977, conditions were especially difficult, and religious practitioners were persecuted. The situation eased after 1977. A number of Buddhist temples were allowed to reopen. Worship services among Christians were permitted once again, and it is believed that as many as 2 million Christians are practicing their faith in China. The Chinese government is cautious about all religious activity, especially if it happens to involve foreign people in any way. THE AGE OF PHILOSOPHIES. *CONFUCIANISM CONFUCIUS is a latinized form of the honorific title K’ung-fu-tzu (Master K’ung), given to a wandering scholar from the state of Lu in Shandong Province in northeastern China. Although little known in his lifetime, Confucius was revered as the greatest of sages throughout most of China’s history. His teaching, Confucianism, was the state teaching from the beginning of the Han Dynasty in 202 BC to the end of the imperial period in 1911. Disturbed by constant warfare among the states, Confucius taught that most of the ills of society happened because people forgot their stations in life and rulers lost virtue. He advocated a return to the golden antiquity of the emperors Yao and Shun, when rulers were virtuous and people knew their places. Therefore, Confucius’ primary concern lay in social relations, proper conduct, and social harmony. Confucius defined five cardinal relationships: between ruler and ruled, between husband and wife, between parents and children, between older and younger brothers, and between friends. Except for the last case, all of the defined relationships are between superiors and inferiors. He emphasized the complete obedience and loyalty of the inferior to the superior but also mentioned the benevolence of the superior to the inferior. The ideal Confucian family was an extended one of three or four generations, in which authority rested with the elderly male members. Filial piety (obedience to parents) was one of the most important virtues emphasized by later Confucians. Confucius reportedly spent his last years editing and completing some of the books that came to be known as Five Classics. These include the `Classic of Poetry’, `Classic of History’, `Spring and Autumn Annals’, `Record of Rites’, and `Classic of Changes’, or `I Ching’. Memorized by scholars for generations in China, these books and four other works, including the `Analects’, a compilation of Confucian teachings, were the subjects of civil service examinations for over 2,000 years. (See Confucius) Confucianism commanded a greater following some 200 years later, during the time of Mencius, or Meng-tzu (371-289 BC). He was second only to Confucius himself in shaping Confucianism. His three main tenets were the basic good nature of human beings, the notion of society with a distinct distribution of functions, and the ruler’s obligation to the people. On the last point, Mencius elaborated on the concept of the mandate of heaven, which allows that rulers lose support of heaven when they cease to be virtuous. The concept served as the basis of revolts in China and the succession of new rulers. MENICIUS MENG-TZU The `Meng-tzu’, meaning â€Å"Master Meng,† was written by the philosopher Mencius (a Latinized form of the name Meng-tzu) in the 4th century BC. The work earned for its author the title of â€Å"second sage† in China. The book deals with government and asserts that the welfare of the people comes before all else. When a king no longer is good to the people, he should be removed–by revolution if necessary. Mencius, like Confucius, declared that filial piety was the foundation of society. One unusual doctrine that Mencius supported was that of the natural goodness of mankind, for which he found proof in the natural love children have for their parents. Two other philosophies that have had an enduring influence on Chinese thought are Taoism and Legalism. Taoism gave the Chinese an alternative to Confucianism–passivity and escape to nature–while Legalism provided the Chinese state with one of its basic doctrines. *TAOISM In the Chinese language the word tao means â€Å"way,† indicating a way of thought or life. There have been several such ways in China’s long history, including Confucianism and Buddhism. In about the 6th century BC, under the influence of ideas credited to a man named Lao-tzu, Taoism became â€Å"the way†. like Confucianism, it has influenced every aspect of Chinese culture. Taoism began as a complex system of philosophical thought that could be indulged in by only a few individuals. In later centuries it emerged, perhaps under the influence of Buddhism, as a communal religion. It later evolved as a popular folk religion. Philosophical Taoism speaks of a permanent Tao in the way that some Western religions speak of God. The Tao is considered unnamed and unknowable, the essential unifying element of all that is. Everything is basically one despite the appearance of differences. Because all is one, matters of good and evil and of true or false, as well as differing opinions, can only arise when people lose sight of the oneness and think that their private beliefs are absolutely true. This can be likened to a person looking out a small window and thinking he sees the whole world, when all he sees is one small portion of it. Because all is one, life and death merge into each other as do the seasons of the year. They are not in opposition to one another but are only two aspects of a single reality. The life of the individual comes from the one and goes back into it. The goal of life for a Taoist is to cultivate a mystical relationship to the Tao. Adherents therefore avoid dispersing their energies through the pursuit of wealth, power, or knowledge. By shunning every earthly distraction, the Taoist is able to concentrate on life itself. The longer the adherent’s life, the more saintly the person is presumed to have become. Eventually the hope is to become immortal. LAO-TZU (604? -531? BC). Some people believe that only one man, Lao-tzu, wrote the most translated work in all the literature of China, the `Lao-Tzu’ (also called `Tao-te Ching’). The book is the earliest document in the history of Taoism (â€Å"the Way†), one of the major philosophical-religious traditions that, along with Confucianism, has shaped Chinese life and thought for more than 2,000 years. It is a viewpoint that emphasizes individuality, freedom, simplicity, mysticism, and naturalness. (See Confucius) Knowledge of Lao-tzu is so scarce that only legends remain. His earliest biographer, who wrote in about 100 BC, relates that Lao-tzu lived in the district of Hu in present-day Henan Province during the Chou Dynasty (1122-221 BC). Presumably he worked in astrology and divination at the court of the emperor. The biographer tells of a meeting of Lao-tzu with the younger Confucius, which would mean Lao-tzu lived in about 500 BC. Another story says that he left China during the decline of the Chou Dynasty, and on his way west wrote the `Tao-te Ching’, after which he disappeared. He was worshipped as an Imperial ancestor during the T’ang Dynasty (618-907). Scholars today believe that the book cannot have been written by one man. Some of the sayings in it may date from the time of Confucius, while others are from a later period. It is possible that the name Lao-tzu represents a type of scholar and wise man, rather than one individual. `Tao-te Ching’ The `Tao-te Ching’, meaning â€Å"Classic of the Way of Power,† is one of the great works of ancient China not included among the Confucian Classics. The presumed author, Lao-tzu, is considered to be the founder of Taoism. He may have been alive at the same time as Confucius but older. The book is not only significant philosophically, but it is also one of the most sacred scriptures of the Taoist religion. (See Lao-tzu) CHUANG-TZU (4th century BC), Chinese philosopher, author, and teacher; classic work bears his name; influential in development of Chinese philosophy and religious thought; interpreted Taoism (from tao, â€Å"way†) differently from Lao-tzu; Chuang-tzu taught that wise people accept the ebb and flow of life without attempting to challenge it; true enlightenment involves freeing oneself of traditions and personal goals that stand in the way of the mysterious, all-encompassing Tao. Communal religious Taoism is quite distinct from its philosophical counterpart. It emphasizes moral teachings and collective ceremonies. Good moral conduct is rewarded with health and long life, while bad conduct results in disease, death, and suffering in the afterlife. There is an array of gods who are administrators of the universe, of which they are a part. From these gods come revelations of sacred texts. There is an order of married priests who live in the communities they serve and perform exorcisms and complex rituals. Folk religion Taoism is part of the everyday lives of the people. The gods are intimately connected with each individual’s life as bringers of calamities or givers of bountiful gifts. Each object of daily life has its presiding spirit that must be consulted and appeased. All types of Taoism have in common the quest for a harmonious, well-ordered universe. They emphasize the individual’s and the group’s need for unity through mysticism, magic, and ceremony. *LEGALISM *BUDDHISM Although Buddhism first entered China from India during the Later Han, in the time of Han Ming Ti (AD 58-76), it did not become popular until the end of the 3rd century. The prevailing disorders, aggravated by barbarian invasions and the flight of northern Chinese to the south, heightened the attraction of Buddhism with its promise of personal salvation, despite its lack of affinity with the society-oriented thought of the Chinese. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, a prince of the Sakya kingdom on the borders of what are now India and Nepal and a contemporary of Confucius. Intent on finding relief for human suffering, he received a moment of enlightenment while meditating under a Bo tree. The Buddha taught that desires are the source of pain, and that by overcoming desires, pain can be eliminated. To this end, he advocated meditation and pursuing the Eightfold Path, similar to the Ten Commandments of Judaism and Christianity. The objective was to reach Nirvana, the condition of serenity of spirit, where all cravings, strife, and pain have been overcome, giving way to a merging of the spirit with eternal harmony. At an early stage of its development, Buddhism split into two major trends, Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) and Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle). Hinayana remained closer to the original Buddhism and is still the religion of the Southeast Asian countries. The Buddhism of China, Korea, Japan, Nepal, Tibet, and Vietnam, however, stems largely from Mahayana. Mahayana Buddhism contained more popular elements, such as belief in repetitive prayers, heaven and deities–bodhisattvas–who would help people gain salvation. It also readily adapted to the land and people it converted. In China, it split into several schools, including Ch’an (Zen in Japan), T’ien-t’ai (Tendai in Japan), and Pure Land. Ch’an [or Zen] Buddhism Through his popular book `The Way of Zen’ (1957), the British-born American philosopher Alan Watts introduced Americans to the Zen school of Buddhism, which has a long tradition of development in China and Japan. Zen (Ch’an in Chinese) is a Japanese term meaning â€Å"meditation. † It is a major school of Japanese Buddhism that claims to transmit the spirit of Buddhism, or the total enlightenment as achieved by the founder of the religion, the Buddha (See Buddha; Buddhism). Zen has its basis in the conviction that the world and its components are not many things. They are, rather, one reality. The one is part of a larger wholeness to which some people assign the name of God. Reason, by analyzing the diversity of the world, obscures this oneness. It can be apprehended by the nonrational part of the mind–the intuition. Enlightenment about the nature of reality comes not by rational examination but through meditation. Meditation has been an integral part of Buddhism from the beginning. Nevertheless, a school of meditation grew up in India and was taken to China by Bodhidharma about AD 520. When the meditation school arrived in China, it had a strong foundation on which to build: Taoism, the ancient Chinese religion (See Taoism). This religion is based on the idea that there is one underlying reality called the Tao. Taoists, like the followers of the meditation school, exalted intuition over reason. This Taoist tradition was easily absorbed by the Chinese meditation school, the Ch’an. Within two centuries the meditation school had divided into two factions: Northern Ch’an and Southern Ch’an. The northern school, a short-lived affair, insisted on a doctrine of gradual enlightenment. The southern school, which became dominant, held to a doctrine of instantaneous enlightenment. The southern school evolved under the powerful influence of Hui-neng (638-713), who is recognized as the sixth great patriarch of Zen and the founder of its modern interpretation. In a sermon recorded as the â€Å"Platform Scripture of the Sixth Patriarch,† he taught that all people possess the Buddha nature and that one’s nature (before and after being born) is originally pure. Instead of undertaking a variety of religious obligations to seek salvation, one should discover one’s own nature. The traditional way to do this, sitting in meditation, is useless. If one perceives one’s own nature, enlightenment will follow suddenly. The goal of adherents of the southern Ch’an is to gain transcendental, or highest, wisdom from the depths of one’s unconscious, where it lies dormant. Ch’an tries to attain enlightenment without the aid of common religious observances: study, scriptures, ceremonies, or good deeds. Reaching the highest wisdom comes as a breakthrough in everyday logical thought. Followers are urged to find within themselves the answer to any question raised within because the answer is believed to be found where the question originates. Training in the methods of meditation leading to such an enlightenment is best transmitted from master to disciple. Ch’an flourished in China during the T’ang and Sung dynasties (960-1279), and its influences were strongly felt in literature and painting. Ch’an declined during the Ming era (1141-1215), when Ch’an masters took up the practice of trying to harmonize meditation with the study of traditional scriptures. Meanwhile, sects of Zen had been transplanted to Japan. The Rinzai school was taken there in 1191 by the priest Enzai (1141-1215), and the Soto tradition arrived in 1227, taken there by Dogen (1200-53), the most revered figure in Japanese Zen. These schools had their origin in China during the 9th century, when Ch’an divided into five sects that differed from each other in minor ways. The Rinzai sect evolved from the work of Lin-chi (died 866), who was an exponent of sudden enlightenment. The Soto was founded by Liang-chieh (died 869) and Pen-chi (died 901). The Soto stressed quiet sitting in meditation to await enlightenment. A third group, the Obaku, was established in 1654. The Obaku school is closer to the Rinzai tradition except for its emphasis on invoking the name of Buddha. Zen gained an enthusiastic following among the Samurai warrior class and became in effect the state religion in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the 16th century Zen priests were diplomats and administrators, and they enhanced cultural life as well. Under their influence literature, art, the cult of the tea ceremony, and the No drama developed. The focal point of Zen is the monastery, where masters and pupils interact in the search for enlightenment. A newcomer arrives at a monastery with a certificate showing that he is a regularly ordained disciple of a priest. He is at first refused entry. Finally being admitted, he spends a few days of probation being interviewed by his master. When he is accepted he is initiated into the community life of humility, labor, service, prayer and gratitude, and meditation. 2. Communication Style of Chinese people There are many things that you should know about the communication style of the Chinese people. They are really care with the appearance, behavior and the way we communicate to them since it will show them our status, are we coming from the lower economic status or high economic status or even more we are coming from the King’s ancestor or just an ordinary people. It is all can be seen from the way we communicate so it become so important according to Chinese people. Please find below the detail in each topic of the communication style of Chinese people: Appearance Appearance is quite important for Chinese people or even Asian, they sometimes judge people from their first sight (Dresser,1996). †¢ Conservative suits for men with subtle colors are the norm. †¢ Women should avoid high heels and short sleeved blouses. The Chinese frown on women who display too much. †¢ Subtle, neutral colors should be worn by both men and women. †¢ Casual dress should be conservative as well. †¢ Men and women can wear jeans. However, jeans are not acceptable for business meetings. †¢ Revealing clothing for women is considered offensive to Chinese businessmen. Behavior Some of the behavior or gestures are mentioned as follows (Axtel,1998) : †¢ Do not use large hand movements. The Chinese do not speak with their hands. Your movements may be distracting to your host. †¢ Personal contact must be avoided at all cost. It is highly inappropriate for a man to touch a woman in public. †¢ Do not point when speaking. To point do not use your index finger, use an open palm. †¢ It is considered improper to put your hand in your mouth. Avoid acts that involve the mouth. †¢ Gift giving is a very delicate issue in China. It is illegal to give gifts to government official however; it has become more commonplace in the business world. It is more acceptable to give gifts either in private or to a group as a whole to avoid embarrassment. The most acceptable gift is a banquet. Quality writing pens as considered favored gifts. The following gifts and/or colors are associated with death and should not be given: – Clocks – Straw sandals – A stork or crane – Handkerchiefs – Anything white, blue or black †¢ Always arrive on time or early if you are the guest. †¢ Do not discuss business at meals. †¢ Do not start to eat or drink prior to the host. †¢ As a cultural courtesy, you should taste all the dishes you are offered. †¢ Sample meals only, there may be several courses. †¢ Never place your chopsticks straight up in your bowl. By placing your sticks upright in your bowl your will remind your host of joss sticks which connotes death. †¢ Do not drop the chopsticks it is considered bad luck. †¢ Do not eat all of your meal. If you eat all of your meal, the Chinese will assume you did not receive enough food and are still hungry. †¢ Women do not usually drink at meals. †¢ Tipping is considered insulting, however the practice is becoming more common. Communications †¢ Bowing or nodding is the common greeting; however, you may be offered a handshake. Wait for the Chinese to offer their hand first. (Morris, 2003). †¢ Applause is common when greeting a crowd; the same is expected in return. †¢ Introductions are formal. Use formal titles. †¢ Often times Chinese will use a nickname to assist Westerners. †¢ Being on time is vital in China. †¢ Appointments are a must for business. †¢ Contacts should be made prior to your trip. †¢ Bring several copies of all written documents for your meetings. †¢ The decision making process is slow. You should not expect to conclude your business swiftly. †¢ Many Chinese will want to consult with the stars or wait for a lucky day before they make a decision. †¢ Present and receive cards with both hands. †¢ Never write on a business card or put it in your wallet or pocket. Carry a small card case. †¢ The most important member of your company or group should lead important meetings. Chinese value rank and status. †¢ Develop a working knowledge of Chinese culture. †¢ Allow the Chinese to leave a meeting first. 3. Communication style when interacting with people from a Different Culture When we do the communication with other people with different culture we expect them to follow our rules especially when we are talking to older people. But sometimes for teenagers or younger people they would like to adapt the communication styles according to the people’s culture he/she talking with. Chinese people is very famous for their good personality traits, in this case they are really diligent and always try to give the best and also sometimes very brave to take any action compares to those who are coming from the west. They would do directly what they consider the thing is right or correct this can be seen in the way they sell things, they open their store and etc. If you are coming from the west you need to understand what the people from the east thinking about. Below are the patterns of Eastern and Western people that we can analyze and use to communicate with them. You can find out that western people will look like they are more individual compares to the eastern people.

How to Use the Modifier Most in English

The modifier most is commonly used in English in a wide variety of situations. You are probably familiar with the use of most in the superlative form, but there are other uses as well. Below you will find explanations of each of the different ways most is used to modify nouns, as well as in the superlative form and as an adverb. (The) Most is different than more which you can learn about on this page dedicated to the uses of more in English. (The) Most Superlative Form The most is used in the superlative form with adjectives of two or more syllables. The opposite of this form is the least (i.e. I enjoy corn the least of all the vegetables.) Examples: California is the most important state for the US economy.I think she is the most intelligent person I have ever met. One of the Most in the Superlative Form Its also common to use one of before the most in superlative forms to refer to something that is among a group of the most of a quality. The opposite of this form is one of the least (i.e. That is one of the least interesting films this year.) Examples: Peter is one of the most reliable people on this planet.Golden Retrievers are one of the most likable dog breeds. Most Noun Determiner Most is used before a noun as a determiner to speak in general. Remember that the plural form is used when speaking in general about countable items or people (Most people enjoy a vacation in the tropics). When speaking about uncountable objects, use the singular form (Most steel is used in construction). Examples: Most students would like to take a year off ​from studies to travel.Sharon said most food sold in supermarkets contains preservatives. Most of Determiner Noun Use most of the / a / this, etc. noun when referring more specific objects. Remember that the is used to indicate a specific object that both the listener and the speaker understand, whereas a is used to speak about something listeners do not which specific instance is referred to. This, these, that or those can be used as well as possessive adjectives such as my, your, his, etc. Examples: Most of my time is spent in a classroom teaching English.Sharon said that most of these trees were planted in 1878 by the organization. Most Alone Most can be used alone when the noun being modified is understood through context. For example, during a conversation, you may refer to a particular group of people and use most to indicate most of the people we are discussing. Examples: I think most believe the economy will continue to slowly improve.(Speaking to a friend about food items) I bought most at the supermarket downtown. (The) Most as Adverb (The) Most can also be used as an adverb to describe a that someone does or feels something the most compared to others. Examples: I like raspberry jam the most.She was hurt by John the most. Most Verb in Formal English Most can be used to mean very in formal English. This form is not common in everyday conversations, but you may certainly hear it in films such as historical fiction, stories about kings and queens, etc. Examples: I find it most disturbing that you continue to telephone.She felt the afternoon outing was most enjoyable.